Layer 1 Models

How hubs process frames

When a hub receives a frame (flowchart here):

- If two or more ports receive frames at the same time, a collision occurs and the hub forwards a jam signal to all ports.
- If one port receives a frame, the hub forwards the frame to all ports except the receiving port.

How repeaters process frames

When a repeater receives a frame:

- The repeater forwards the frame to the other port.

How Wireless is modeled

Packet Tracer models only certain aspects of the wireless protocols.

- Wireless A, B, G, and N are supported.
- Infrastructure wireless mode is supported. Ad-hoc is not supported.
- Authentication methods are none and WEP. WEP requires a 10 digit hex key. The authentication method and configuration must match on both the wireless client and wireless server in order for them to be associated.
- An antenna's coverage area is set to a specific area and cannot be changed. The signal strength based on distance is not calculated modeling real physics.